EDUCATIONAL BLOG: ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Example:
- We practice English everyday. (Here we is subject, practice is verb, English is object and everyday is adverb)

Basically there are two parts of a sentence: (একটি Sentence এ মূলত দুটি অংশ থাকে)

Subject and
Predicate

Subject: A subject of a sentence is a person or thing about which something is said or written.

Predicate: And the Predicate that says what the Subject does.

যে ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু সম্পর্কে কোনকিছু বলা বা লিখা হয় তাকে Subject বা কর্তা বলে ।

যা subject বা কর্তা সম্পর্কে বলে বা করে বা লিখে তাকে Predicate বলা হয় ।

In the above example ‘We’ is subject and ‘practice English everyday’ is Predicate. A sentence usually starts with a subject and then predicate comes.

N. B.: In some case like order, advice or request subject is not mentioned. It is userstood.
Example:
- (You) Keep quite.
- (You) Take care of your health.
- (I) Thank you.And sometimes sentence starts with the predicate and then subject comes.
Example:
- Long live INDIA
- Down went the Titanic.

Kinds of Sentence:
Sentences can be classified into five categories, according to their meaning or function.

অর্থ বা কাজের ওপর ভিত্তি করে ইংরেজিতে Sentence কে সাধারণত পাঁচ ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়।

They are:-

Assertive Sentence.
Interrogative Sentence.
Imperative Sentence.
Optative Sentence.
Exclamatory Sentence.

Assertive Sentence:

An assertive sentence is a simple/general statement or assertion, either affirmative or negative.

কোনো সাধারণ বিবৃতি বা বক্তব্যকে Assertive Sentence (বিবৃতিমূলক বাক্য) বলে

Pattern:
Subject + verb + object/complement/adverb/adjectiveExample:
-English is an International Language. (Affirmative)
-We do not do bad things. (Negative)
-Everybody should know English. (Modal auxiliaries)

Interrogative Sentence:

An interrogative sentence asks question about a person or thing(s). It always ends with a note of interrogation a.k.a. question mark (?).

There are two ways to form an interrogative sentence.

I. Beginning with helping verbs (am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had) or modal auxiliaries (shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, etc.).
Example:
- Do you have your assignment ready?
- Does he speak English?
- Did she work abroad?
- Should I go there?
- Can you hear the sound?
- Don’t you want any food? (Negative)

II. Beginning with some specific words like who, which, what, when, where, why, how, whom, how much, how many, etc. [These are known as ‘WH’ questions.]
Example:
- How is your business going on?
- Who fixed the computer?
- Whom do you support?
- What are you expecting from me?
- What time is it now?
- How many people have died there?

Imperative Sentence:

A sentence that expresses a request, command, order, advice, suggestion, etc. is an imperative sentence.
In an imperative sentence, the subject is usually unexpressed; it is understood rather.

Pattern:
Subject (Invisible) + verb + object / where
Example:
- Take care of you.
- Give me the pen.
- Do it now.
- Be honest.
- Come here
- Never tell a lie
- Do not laugh at other's helplessness.
- Let him go there.

Caution: You must do your duty. (It is an assertive sentence, not an imperative sentence.)

Optative Sentence:

Wish, desire, prayer, etc. are expressed by the Optative sentence.

Pattern:
May + AssertiveExample:
- May you live long.
- May Allah bless you.
- Wish you all the best.
- Long live Bangladesh. (Can be formed without ‘may’)

Exclamatory Sentence:

Exclamatory is a sentence which expresses strong/sudden feeling or emotion like surprise, pain, delight, anger, disgust, etc.

Pattern:
Alas/ Hurrah/ Bravo/ What/ How etc. + Others
Example:
- Hurrah! Our cricket team has won the series.
- Alas! He has failed the competition.
- Bravo! You have done a great job.
- What a talented girl she is!
- How sweetly the cuckoo sings!
- What a wonderful land Bangladesh is!
- Were I a Super Hero!
- What a pity!
- Fantastic!
- What an idea!
- Put that down now!
- Leave the package at the door.
- Walk softly, please.

Structure of a Sentence:
According to structure, sentences are of three types.
I. Simple Sentence.
II. Complex Sentence.
III. Compound Sentence.

I. Simple Sentence:

Simple sentence is structured with only one subject and one finite verb.
Simple sentence has only one independent clause.

Pattern:
Subject + finite verb + complement
Exmaple:- india

is a populated country
- Life is not a bed of roses
- Human is the superior in this planet.

II. Complex Sentence:

A sentence consisting of one principal clause and one or more sub-ordinate clause(s) is a complex sentence.

Example:
- If you work hard, you will shine in life. (Here, ‘if you work hard’ is sub-ordinate clause and ‘you will shine in life’ is main or principal clause.)

Sub-ordinate clause begins with conjunctions like who, which, that, when, how, where, while, if, whether, because, since, as, though, although, till, until, unless, before, after, so that, whenever, wherever, whoever, whatever, etc.

Example:- I know where he lives.
- I do not know what his name is.
- While there is life there is hope.
- We eat so that we can survive.

III. Compound Sentence:

A sentence having more than one principal clauses, linked by one or more coordinating conjunctions, preceded by a comma, is called compound sentence.

Conjunctions that are used in compound sentences are and, but, or, for, nor, also, however, moreover, thus, so, therefore, else, still, as well as, accordingly, otherwise, yet, not yet, but also, either or, neither nor, on the contrary, etc.

Example:
- Respect others, and others will respect you.
- He loves us, but he does not show it.

Parts of Speech

In a sentence words are divided into different classes or kinds because of their functions and usage. And it is described by the term of parts of speech.

Parts of speech help to understand the uses or functions words and how different words can make a meaningful sentence.

There are Eight types of parts of speech.

Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection

Noun:
Name of anything like person, animal, place, thing, abstract, idea, action, state or quality is called Noun.

যেকোন ব্যাক্তি, প্রাণী, বস্তু, ভাব, ভাবনা, কাজ, অবস্থান, দোষ-গুণ, ইত্যাদির নামকে Noun বলে।

Examples:
Maria, Girl, Dhaka, Book, Teacher, Water, Honesty, Happiness, Family, Sleep, Death, etc.
In Sentence: (Bold words are noun)
- A boy is coming towards us.
- Sarah is a pretty girl.
- The sun shines in daytime.
- Education removes darkness.
- Poverty is curse.

Function of Noun:
Noun plays the role in a sentence as subject of a verb or object of a verb or both subject and object of a verb.

Classification of nouns:
Noun can be classified into five categories:

Proper noun
Common noun
Collective noun
Abstract noun
Material noun

i. Proper Noun:

Proper noun is the name of some particular person, place or thing.

Example:- Kolkata is the capital of westbengal. ( Kolkata is the name of a particular capital)
- Sunny is a smart boy. ( Sunny is the name of a particular boy)
- Rimi is a clever girl. (Rimi is the name of a particular girl)

Proper noun always starts with capital letter.

ii. Common Noun:

Common noun is a noun that is not the name of a particular thing or class but that represents one or all of the members of that class or thing.

A common noun can be preceded by articles (a, the).

Examples:
- Sunny is a smart boy. (Here boy is common noun while Sunny is a proper noun)
- Rimi is a clever girl. (Here girl is common noun while Rimi is a proper noun)________________________________________________________________________________

Pronoun
A Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun-equivalent. It is the replacement of noun.

Pronoun সাধারণত Noun বা Noun এর সমতুল্য কিছুর পরিবর্তে বসে। ইহা Noun কে প্রতিস্থাপন করে।

Common pronouns are I, me, he, she, him, his, her, they, them, it, we, us, etc.

Example:
- She is a pretty girl.
- His contribution is appreciable.
- They are unbeatable.
- This job is done by them.

Role of Pronoun in a Sentence: Pronouns are usually short words and they are used to make sentences less cluttered and less repetitive.

Kinds of Pronoun:
There are many different kinds of pronouns; such as:

Personal Pronoun
Possessive Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
Intensive Pronoun
Indefinite Pronoun
Demonstrative Pronoun
Relative Pronoun
Interrogative Pronoun
Reciprocal Pronoun.

i. Personal Pronoun:

A personal pronoun is used instead of a person. Such as I, you, he, she, we, they and who.

When a personal pronoun is the subject of a verb, it is called Subjective Pronoun (I, we, he, she, they, and you).
E.g. I love this book.

When a personal pronoun is not a subject and acts as the object, then it is called Objective Pronoun (me, you, her, him, it, us, them and whom).
E.g. Give it to him.

ii. Possessive Pronoun:

A Possessive Pronoun shows ownership of something. Such as his, hers, its, mine, yours, ours, and theirs.

Example:- This pen is mine.
- Yours one is not real.
- Take hers from the room.

iii. Reflexive Pronoun:

Reflexive Pronoun refers back to the subject in the sentence. They are myself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves, yourselves and itself.

Example:
- I ask myself when I take a decision.
- He spoke to himself.
- We learn about ourselves everyday.

iv. Intensive Pronoun:

An Intensive Pronoun is used for emphasis. Intensive pronouns are myself, himself, herself, yourself, itself, yourselves, ourselvesand themselves.

Example:
- I myself have done the job.
- The president himself visited the area.
- He himself can’t do it.

v. Indefinite Pronoun:

An Indefinite Pronoun refers to an indefinite or non-specific person or thing. Indefinite pronouns are any, anything, some, someone, somebody, everybody, everything, everyone, nobody, none, one, several, some, few, many and each.

An Indefinite pronoun may look like an indefinite adjective, but it is used differently in sentences by taking the place of a noun.

Example:- All people gathered here for the same purpose.

- Does anyone know anything about the matter?
- Anybody can play the game easily.
- None but the brave deserves the fair.
- Each must do his best.
- One must do one’s duty.

vi. Demonstrative Pronoun:

A Demonstrative Pronoun particularly point out a noun. This, these, that and those are demonstrative pronouns to point out a noun.

A Demonstrative pronoun stands alone but a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun.

Example:
- You can smell that from here.
- This smells good.
- Those were bad days.
- Look at that.
- Would you deliver this?

vii. Relative Pronoun:

A Relative Pronoun is a pronoun that introduces or links one phrase or clause to another in the sentence.
Relative Pronoun are that, who, whom, where, when, whoever, whichever and whomever.

Example:
- The person who called me is my uncle.
- I know where I am going.
- The pen which I lost was red.
- You should buy the book that you need for the course.
- Robii Thakur is a poet who wrote the National Anthem.

Who and whom refer only to people.
Which refers to things, qualities and ideas.
That and whose refer to people, qualities, things and ideas.

viii. Interrogative Pronoun:

An Interrogative Pronoun is used to ask question. It helps to ask about something.

Interrogative Pronouns are who, which, what, whom, whose; as well as whoever, whomever, whichever and whatever.

It is used in the beginning of the sentence.

Who and whom refer to person.
What refers to thing.
Which refers to person or thing and whose refers to person as possessive.

Example:
- What’s happened?
- What do you expect from me?
- Who designed this website?
- Whose mobile is this?
- Whatever did you want?

ix. Reciprocal Pronoun:

A Reciprocal Pronoun refers the relations between two or more persons or things. Each other and one another are Reciprocal Pronouns.

We use Reciprocal Pronouns when there are two or more persons or things doing the same thing.

Example:
- Rimi and Raju like each other.
- Why don’t we believe each other?
- They do not tolerate each other.
- We should help one another._______________________________________________________________________________

Adjective:
An adjective is a part of speech (word) that modifies a noun or a pronoun by qualifying, specifying or describing it.

Adjective বলতে এমন এক ধরণের শব্দমালাকে বোঝায় যারা কোন Noun বা Pronoun এর যোগ্যতা, স্বতন্ত্রতা, বা বর্ণনা সম্পর্কে ধারণা দিয়ে থাকে।

Generally an adjective modifies a noun by answering one of these following questions:
Which? What kind? How many?

Example:
- Foxes are cunning animal. (Answer the question “What king of animal?”)
- Five or six gunmen attack the area. (Answer the question “How many gunmen?”)
- The one eyed man tells him the story. (Answer the question “Which man?”)

Adjective Classification:

Following are the different types of adjectives

Qualitative Adjective or Descriptive Adjective or Adjective of quality
Quantitative Adjective or Adjective of quantity
Numeric Adjective or Adjective of Number
Demonstrative Adjective
Distributive Adjective
Possessive Adjective
Interrogative Adjective

i. Qualitative Adjective or Adjective of quality:

Expresses the qualities of something or someone.
Such as great, good, bad, wise, poor, nice, happy, pretty, angry, blue, etc.

Example:
- He gives me a great idea.
- Mr. Rahim is a good person.
- He is a bad guy.

Adjective of quality answer the question: what kind?

ii. Quantitative Adjective or Adjective of quantity:

Expresses or indicates the quantity of a noun or pronoun.
Such as some, little, much, enough, whole, sufficient, all, none, more, half, no, etc.

Example:
- I have enough money to but he car.
- The whole countrymen congratulated the president.
- She wants all the money.

Adjective of quantity answer the question: How many or much?

iii. Numeric or Adjective of number:

Express the number or order of something or someone. Such as one, two, three, ………., first, second, third, ……………, single, double, triple, quadruple, twofold, threefold, fivefold, ………… etc.

Example:
- He can eat ten eggs at a time.
- She is the first girl in the class.
- The house owner does not rent the room to the single person.

Adjective of number is to types Definite and Indefinite.

Definite Numeric adjectives are of three kinds.
Such as
- Cardinal (one, two, ….),
- Ordinal (first, second, ……),
- Multiplicative (Single, double, ……..)

iv. Demonstrative Adjective:

Specifies noun or pronoun. Such as this, that, those, these etc.

Example:
- This boy is good.
- That is her room.
- These are the book to follow.

v. Distributive Adjective:

Express the distributive state of nouns. Such as every, each, neither, either, both etc.

Example:
- Every movie in the series is popular.
- Both the boys are appreciated by them.
- Each person will get the reward.

vi. Possessive Adjective:

Shows the possession or belongingness in the sentence. Such as his, her, him, my, our, your, their, etc.

Example:

- This is her cell phone.
- I have seen their house.
- Our house is tow stored house.

vii. Interrogative Adjective:

Interrogative Adjective modifies nouns in interrogative sentence. Such as which, what, whose, etc.

Example:
- What kind of man he is?
- Whose phone is this?
- Which program are you listening?___________________________________________________________________________

Verb
A verb is a word or a group of words (phrase) that is/are used to describe an action, state or occurrence.

Verb হচ্ছে এমন শব্দ বা শব্দ গুচ্ছ যা দ্বারা কোন কাজ, অবস্থা বা ঘটনাকে বোঝায়।

Role of Verb in a sentence:
Verb forms the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Every complete sentence must have a verb.

Verbs are:
Actions: read, do, walk, bring, run, learn, eat, etc.
States: be, exist, stand, etc.
Occurrences: happen, become, etc.

Examples:- He is a good man. (Using the most common to be verb)
- We learn from the Web.
- She speaks in English.
- Rimi is thinking about the incident.

Verbs change their forms based on time/tense (past, present, and future), person (first person, second person, and third person), number (singular, plural), voice (active and passive), etc.

Kinds of Verb:

Firstly, verb is divided into two major categories:

i. Principal or Lexical or Main Verb
ii. Auxiliary or Helping Verb

i. Principal or Lexical Verb:

Verbs which are used independently without the help of other verbs, are called Principal or Main verb.

Example:- He is a singer.
- She does her job.
- They have many problems.

Principal verbs are of two types depending on the object they take:

a. Transitive verb.

Transitive verb is an action verb that requires one or more objects which receive the action of the verb in the sentence.

Examples:
- She reads the book. (verb with the object ‘the book’)
- He gave me a mobile phone. (verb with the object ‘me’ and ‘mobile phone’)
- I saw her in the market.
- Rifat wants a pen form Ryan.

b. Intransitive verb.

Intransitive verb is an action verb that requires no direct object in the sentence.

Example:
- She reads. (no object in the sentence)
- Sit down here. (“)
- The birds are flying. (“)
- She is singing. (“)
- The sun set. (“)
- I walked to the park today. (“)
- I went to the campus for a scheduled class. (“)

Way to find transitive and intransitive verb:
If object is available in a sentence then the verb is transitive of that sentence.
And if object is not present in sentence then the verb is intransitive of that sentence.

So, to find an object we ask the verb by “Whom” or “what”, and the answer we get is an object of that sentence.

ii. Auxiliary or Helping Verb:

Verbs which help a Principal verb to form a sentence are called Auxiliary or Helping verb.

Example:
- He is singing a song.
- She is doing her job.
- They are facing many problems.Here, 'is' and 'are' are helping the main verbs sing, do and face.

Auxiliary verbs are of two types:
i. Primary or Tense Auxiliaries such as be, am, is was, are, were, been, being, have, has, had, having, do, does and did.

Example:
Different forms of verb are used in different situations.
- I am doing the job. (present Continuous)
- Ryan was sleeping that moment. (past Continuous)
- It is done by her. (passive form)
- Rifat reads the book. (present form as principle verb)
- She is here. (principle verb)
- They have completed the mission. (present perfect)
- Does he make it?
- Have you prepared for the situation?

ii. Modal Auxiliaries such as can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, need, dare, used to, ought to etc.

Modals only take the base form of verbs after them.

Example:
- Shall we start the game? (Asking the question)
- You should read the book attentively. (Suggest)
- Would you give a cup of coffee? (request)
- I can do the sum? (ability)
- May I come in? (permission)
- I used to have tea in the evening. (habit)
- We ought to respect our seniors (moral obligation)

Finite and Non-finite Verbs:

Finite verb:

A Verb which changes its form according to the number, person or tense and must has subject is called finite verb

Example:
- I saw her crying.
- He makes me proud.
- I will write a book in this month.
- The honey tastes sweet.
- They are doing a good job.

Non-finite verb:

A Non-finite verb is a form of verb that is not limited by person, number or tense in a sentence and cannot act as main verb.

There are three kinds of non-finite verbs.

i. Infinite
ii. Gerund
iii. Participles

Infinitive:

Infinitive verb is a non-finite verb that is made up of “to + base form of verb”.

Example:
- He likes to play football.
- Honey is sweet to taste.
- The man is too late to go.
- People gathered here to hear the news.

Certain verbs such as bid, let, make, need, dare, see, hear, etc. are used without ‘to’ and are called bare infinitive.

Example:
- Make her stand.
- Let the people go there.
- You need not leave the place.

Gerund:

A gerund is a form of non-finite verb which is made up by adding the ‘ing’ at the end of the base form of a verb.

Example:
- I saw her crying.
- Swimming is good for health.
- Being tired I took rest for a while.
- Seeing is believing.

Participles:

A Participle is verbal but works as an adjective. Participle can be following types.

Present Participle: Present participle is made by adding ‘ing ’ to the base form.

Example:
- A swimming snake bit him in the leg.
- Don’t put your hand into boiling water.
- Look at the setting sun.
- Don’t get into a running bus.

N. B.:
Both of Gerund and Present Participles are made by adding ‘ing’ to the base form.
But difference between them is that A gerund functions as a noun and present participles functions as an adjective.
Example:
- Swimming is good for the people. (Here swimming is noun)
- A swimming snake bit him in the leg. (Here swimming is an adjective)

Past Participle: Past participle is made by adding ‘ed’, ‘-d’ or ‘-t’ to the base form of a regular verb. Such as looked, said, learnt, broken, etc.

The past participle can be preceded by have, has, had, etc. to express the perfect aspect. And it also expresses the passive voice.

Example:
- They have invited him to the party.
- A faded flower attracts none.
- It is said by them.
- The floated area is good for cultivation.
________________________________________________________________________________

Adverb
An adverb is a word which modifies or qualifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb or any other word(s) or phrase(s) in a sentence; such as quickly, firmly, lightly, carefully, extremely, etc.

Adverb এর কাজ হচ্ছে কোন Verb, Adjective বা Adverb সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য দেওয়া বা প্রদত্ত তথ্যকে আরো তাৎপর্যতাপূর্ণ করে তোলা।

Example:- The leopard runs quickly. ( Here quickly modifies the verb)
- He works extremely hard. (Here extremely modifies the adverb)
- Most of our countrymen are very poor. (Here very modifies the adjective)
- I absolutely have no idea about the matter.

Function of adverb in a sentence:
Adverb adds information and impression about time, manner, place etc. in a sentence.

Form of Adverbs:
Many adverbs that express how an action is performed, end in ‘ly’. However, there are many exceptions, like fast, well, never, least, more, far, now, very, just, still, etc.

Kinds of Adverbs:

There are different kinds of adverbs according to their functions in a sentence.

i. Adverb of Time: Indicates the time of an action, and answer the question ‘when’?
Such as now, soon, still, then, today, yet, since, back, ago, already, before, after, recently, today, lately, tomorrow, once, someday, early, etc.

Example:- I have already finished my job.
- I will do it now.
- The result will be published tomorrow.

ii. Adverb of Manner: Expresses the manner of an action, and answer the question ‘How’?
Such as happily, slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, easily, fast, bravely, hard, well, badly, etc.

Example:- Rafat is speaking quietly.
- He is doing the job carefully.
- The boy is crying loudly.

iii. Adverb of Place: Indicates the place of an action, and answer the question ‘Where’?
Such as here, there, up, down, in, out, by, hither, thither, where, anywhere, somewhere, everywhere, nowhere, etc.

Example:- Go out.
- I love to be here.
- People still live there.

iv. Adverb of Degree or Quantity: Expresses quantity, and answer the question ‘How much/ How far/ to what extent’?
Such as extremely, fully, quite, almost, very much, too, a lot, totally, absolutely, fairly, hardly, etc.

Example:- He is quite wrong.
- She is fully cured.
- He is bad enough to kill you.

v. Adverb of Affirmation and negation: Indicate assertion and express the one’s reaction to question.
Such as yes, no, yeah.

Example:- Yes, I can.
- No, she isn’t.

vi. Adverb of Frequency: Expresses the frequency of an action and answer the question “How often”?
Such as never, ever, always, often, seldom, everyday, sometimes, usually, normally, frequently, rarely, hardly, scarcely, once a week, etc.

Example:- He always helps the poor.
- The barking dog seldom bites.

vii. Adverb of reason: Expresses the reason and make the conclusion.
Such as hence, therefore, thence etc.

Example:- He therefore resigned the job.

Conjunctive Adverb:

Conjunctive adverb is used to join two clauses together.
Such as also, finally, furthermore, consequently, hence, however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise, nevertheless, meanwhile, next, nonetheless, otherwise, then, still, thus, and therefore.

N.B: Conjunctive Adverb joins two independent clauses with a semi-colon.

Example:- The people waited for an hour; finally the train comes to the station.
- The policemen searched the market; indeed the gunman has escaped through the basement door.

Position of Adverb:

General positions of adverbs are as follows:

i. Adverbs of time usually come at the end of a sentence or at the beginning of sentence.

Example:- It may rain today.
- Last night I dreamt a sweet dream.

ii. Adverbs of place usually follow the verb.

Example:- The doctor is in.
- They were everywhere.

iii. Adverbs of Degree or Quantity come before the verb, adjective or adverb.

Example:- He is fairly good.

- You are quite wrong.
- He can run very fast.
________________________________________________________________________________

Prepositions:
The word preposition indicates positioning something before somethingelse. And in English grammar-

A preposition is a word placed or positioned before a noun or a pronoun or noun equivalent to show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.

Pronoun এর কাজ হচ্ছে কোন Noun, Pronoun বা এদের সমতুল্য কোন শব্দ(গুচ্ছ) এর সংগে বাক্যের অন্য কোন শব্দের সম্পর্ক নির্ধারণ করা।

The following are the words used as preposition in English-
For, of, on, at, in, to, off, by, up, with, from, into, within, like, until, above, about, against, under, before, after, among, along, across, around, behind, bellow, beneath, beside, between, beyond, down, during, except, inside, near, since, toward, through and upon.

Role or function of preposition in a sentence:
A preposition sits before a noun or a pronoun to show noun’s or pronoun’s relationship to another word in the sentence. Preposition helps to construct a sentence.

Example:
- He is looking for papers.
- Rifat lives in Dhaka.
- Place the book on the table.
- I will go there after breakfast.
- Look at the sky clearly.
- You should stand by him.

Prepositions are of five different kinds:

i. Simple Preposition such as in, at, by, of, for, on, over, under, up, to, from, out, about, under, with, etc.
- He goes to school.
- Maruf is about seven.
- These people are coming from abroad.

ii. Double Preposition such as into, onto, within, without, from, among, toward, behind, etc.
- He will be back within three days.
- We cannot do this job without you.
- She is different among the girls.

iii. Compound or Phrasal or Complex Prepositions are made of two or more words. Such as instead of, in front of, in between, out of, in behalf of, in place of, except for, throughout, underneath, on account of, according to, etc.
- Rahat is talking in behalf of his team.
- Musfiq is playing in place of Rasel.
- They carried on rescue mission in spite of bad weather.
- Her GPA is 3.50 out of 4.00

iv. Participial Preposition.
Present or Past Participles can be used as Prepositions. Such as concerning, regarding, considering, pending, etc.
Example:
- What does he know regarding this proposal?
- Considering the quality, the price is not high.

Following are the specific area to use prepositions.

i. Preposition of Place, Position and Direction (in, at, on, by, next, to, beside, )

In
At
On
By
Above
To
Towards
From
Into

In the room.
At the window. At the office.
On the table.
Sitting by the woman.
Above the sky.
Go to university.
Towards east.
Fled from home.
Jumped into the well.

ii. Preposition of time

At
After
Before
By
During
From
For
In
On
Since
Within
throughout

At 10 a.m., at dawn, at noon, at night, at an early age.
After 3 O’clock, after his arrival.
Before the 15th July.
By 4 p.m.
During five years. During the whole day/summer, during five years.
From 1st January.
For a week/month.
In June, in 2010, in the morning/evening/afternoon.
On Sunday.
Since he comes.
Within three days.
Throughout the year.

iii. Preposition of Reason or Purpose

For
Form
Of
Through
With

For the good of the people, died for the country.
Died from fatigue, suffering from fever/cold.
Died of cancer.
Lost his pen through negligence
Trembles with fear shivers with fever.

_____________________________________________________________________Conjunction:

A conjunction is a part of speech or word that connects –
- One word to another word.
- One word to another clause.
- One sentence to another sentence.

Conjunction হচ্ছে এমন শব্দসমূহ যারা এক শব্দকে অন্য শব্দের সাথে, এক শব্দকে অন্য clause এর সাথে বা এক Sentence কে অন্য Sentence এর সাথে সংযুক্ত করে।

The conjunctions are and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet, because, if, whether, lest, unless, as, since, how, when, where, while, why, till, until, after, before, however, as soon as, though and than.

Example:
One word to another word:
- Rupom and Rifat are two brothers. (noun to noun)
- Rimi and you have done this work. (Noun to pronoun)
- You and I will go there. (Pronoun to pronoun)
- The old man sat down and wept. (verb to verb)
- We are sad but hopeful. (adjective to adjective)
- A cat moves slowly and silently. (Adverb to adverb)
- The bird flies through and through the sky. (preposition to preposition)

One word to another clause:
- He is so weak that he cannot walk.
- Such was her beauty that everybody loved her.

One sentence to another sentence:

- I trust him because he is honest.
- He says that he will do it.
- They will come if they are allowed here.
- It is a long time since I saw you last.
- You must wait here until your father comes back.
- I wish to know whether he will come or not.

There are different types of conjunctions:

- Coordinate Conjunction
- Subordinate Conjunction
- Correlative conjunction

Coordinate Conjunction:

Coordinate conjunctions such as and, but, or, nor, for, so, or yet are used to join individual words, phrases and independent clauses.

Example:
- She stood first and got a prize.
- He is sad but hopeful.
- The snake is small but dangerous.
- You must read or you may fail in the examination.

Subordinate Conjunction:

The subordinate clause such as since, because, although, as, until etc. are used to join an independent clause to a dependent clause.

The subordinate conjunctions are used before the dependent clauses. Dependent clause can be placed before or after the independent clauses.

Example:
- He never gives up until he wins.
- Since she had the headache, she did not go to work.
- Though he loved her cousin, he married another one.
- Despite calling several times, she never received a replay.

Correlative conjunctions:

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions such as both…and, either…..or, neither……nor etc. They are used in the sentences to link words, phrases and clauses.

Correlative conjunctions connect two words or phrases or clauses that have the similar structure and are grammatically similar. That means nouns are linked to nouns, adjectives to adjectives, prepositional phrases to prepositional phrases.

Correlatives conjunctions are:
Both….and, either….or, neither….nor, not only….but also, so….that, such….that, no sooner….than, hardly….when, scarcely….when, else….than, else….but.

Example:
- He is both a fool and a knave. (noun to noun)
- She is both wise and good. (adjective to adjective)
- He must either work or go. (verb to verb)
- He behaved neither wisely nor kindly. (adverb to adverb)
- He is so tired that he cannot run.
- Such was her beauty that everybody loved her.
- No sooner had I sat down than they left the room.
- Hardly had I left the room when it began to rain.
- Scarcely had I left the room when it began to rain.
- She has none else than her mother.
- She has none else but her mother.

______________________________________________________________________________

Interjection:
The part of speech that expresses a strong feeling or sudden emotion or sentiment is called interjection or exclamation. Generally interjections are used in Exclamatory sentences and take often note of exclamation as punctuation.

যে শব্দগুলো আকস্মিক আবেগ, দৃঢ় অনুভূতি বা মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করে, তাদের Interjection বলে। সাধারণত Exclamatory Sentence এ Interjection ব্যবহৃত হয়, এবং এমন বাক্যের শেষে যতি চিহ্ন হিসেবে আশ্চর্যবোধক চিহ্ন (!) ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Interjections are not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.

Example:
- Oh no! I missed the schedule of the class. (express failure)
- Hey! Don’t you hear me? (calling attention)
- Hey! Take it easy. (calling attention)
- Uh, I forget the answer. (Express hesitation)
- Hurrah! We have won the match. (Express joy)
- Wow! She is amazing. (Express surprise)

Articles

A, an এবং the কে Article বলে।

Article দুই প্রকার।

Indefinite Article and

Definite Article.

Indefinite Article:

A এবং an কে Indefinite Article বলে কারন তারা কোন অনির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি, প্রাণী বা বস্তুকে বুঝায়। সচরাচর singular countable noun এর পূর্বে A অথবা an বসে।

Example- He has a pen.
- I bought a book.
- This is an elephant.
- He took an apple.

Definite Article

The কে definite Article বলে কারন ইহা কোন নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি, প্রাণী বা বস্তুকে বুঝায়।

Example-I saw the bird.
- I read the book.
- Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.

Use of A and An

1. সাধারণত consonant এর পূর্বে a এবং vowel (a, e, i, o, u) এর পূর্বে an বসে।
যেমন – a hen, a book, a pen, an apple, an egg, an orange.

2. শব্দের শুরুতে যদি h থাকে এবং h এর উচ্চারণ h এর মত হলে তার পূর্বে a বসে। কিন্তু h এর উচ্চারণ o বা অন্য কোন উচ্চারণ হলে তার পূর্বে an বসে।
যেমন- a horse, a historian, an honest man, an hour.

3. শব্দের শুরুতে যদি Vowel থাকে এবং তার উচ্চারণ যদি u এর মত হয় তাহলে তার পূর্বে a বসে।
যেমন- a ewe, a European, a uniform, a university, a useful metal.

4. O দিয়ে গঠিত শব্দের পূর্বে an বসে। শুধুমাত্র one শব্দের পূর্বে a বসে।
যেমন- an open field, an open heart surgery, an opera, an orange, a one taka note, a one eyed man.

5. সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ অর্থাৎ abbreviation এর প্রথম অক্ষর vowel এর মত উচ্চারিত হলে তার পূর্বে an বসে। কিন্তু abbreviation এর প্রথম অক্ষর consonant এর মত উচ্চারিত হলে তার পূর্বে a বসে।
যেমন- an M.B.B.S, an F.C.P.S, an M.A, a B.A, a B.SC.

Other uses of A and An

1. এক জাতীয় সকল singular common noun এর পূর্বে a/an বসে।
যেমন- A tiger is a dangerous animal; An ant is an industrious insect.

2. একজন ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুকে বুঝালে তার পূর্বে a/an বসে।
যেমন- He bought an orange, He lives in a tiny room.

3. সমজাতীয় কিছু(the same, the certain) ইত্যাদি অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে singular common noun এর পূর্বে a/an বসে।
যেমন
- Birds of a feather flock together.
- Criminals are of a (the same) character.
- There lived a farmer.

4. Preposition অর্থে কখনো কখনো a ব্যবহৃত হয়। এরূপ a কে disguised preposition বলে।
যেমন- He went a (on) fishing, She went a (on) shopping.

5. Few, little, good many, lot of, great many, good deal, ইত্যাদি plural noun এর পূর্বে a /an বসে। মাঝে মাঝে many এর পরে a /an বসে।
Example
- I have a few friends here.
- The library has a lot of books.
- The rich man has a good deal with money
- Many a man was present in the meeting.

6. সংখ্যাবাচক শব্দ- dozen, hundred, thousand, million, couple, score, ইত্যাদির পূর্বে a বসে।

7. Exclamation অর্থাৎ what, how, why, ইত্যাদির পরে a বসে।
- What a beautiful lady!
- How nice a bird!

8. Singular common noun – quite, many, rather, but, more এর পূর্বে a/an বসে।
- He is rather a gentleman.
- You are but a child.

9. Mr./Mrs./Miss এর পূর্বে a/an বসে।
- A Mr. Ashik called in his house.
- A Mrs. Habiba sought his help.

Articles (Use and Omission):

Omission of a/an:

1. খাবারের (meals) পূর্বে a/an বসে না। তবে খাবারের (meals) পূর্বে adjective বসলে a/an বসে.

Incorrect- We have a dinner at 8.00 pm.
Correct- We have dinner at 8.00 pm.

Incorrect- We had good breakfast yesterday.
Correct- We had a good breakfast yesterday.

2. Plural noun এর পূর্বে a/an বসে না।
- Birds are beautiful.
- Cows are useful.

3. Uncountable noun হিসেবে গণ্য যেমন – advice, information, news, baggage, water, milk, oil, tea, paper, ইত্যাদি এর পূর্বে a/an বসে না।
- He gave me some information.
- We take tea.
- He drinks water.

তবে পরিমাপ করা যায় এমন কিছু measure words থাকলে তার পূর্বে a/an বসে।
যেমন – Give me a glass of water.

Use of definite article:

নির্দিষ্ট করে বুঝায় এমন common noun এর singular ও plural উভয় number এর পূর্বে the বসে।
- The boy is reading.
- The girl is singing.

এক জাতীয় সকলকে বুঝাতে singular common noun এর পূর্বে the বসে।
- The cow gives us milk.
- The rose is beautiful flower.

মানবজাতি man and women এর পূর্বে the বসে না।
Incorrect – The man is mortal.
Correct - Man is mortal.

নদী, সাগর, উপসাগর, পর্বতশ্রেণী, দীপপুঞ্জ, জাহাজ ইত্যাদি নামের পূর্বে the বসে।
যেমন – The Andamans, The Himalayas, The Titanic.

ধর্মগ্রন্থ ও পত্রিকার নামের পূর্বে the বসে।
যেমন – The holy Quran, The Daily sun.

একক বস্তু – পৃথিবী, চন্দ্র, সূর্য, পূর্ব, পশ্চিম, উত্তর, দক্ষিন ইত্যাদি নামের পূর্বে the বসে।
The sun, The earth, The moon.

বর্ণনামূলক বা অর্থপূর্ণ নামের পূর্বে the বসে।
- The U.S.A, the panjab.

তারিখের নামের পূর্বে the বসে।
যেমন - The 10th March.

জাতি ও সম্প্রদায়ের নামের পূর্বে the বসে।
যেমন – The rich, The poor, The Muslims.

Superlative degree তে adjective এর পূর্বে the বসে।
যেমন – He is the best boy in the class.

Material noun এর পূর্বে the বসে না। তবে নির্দিষ্ট স্থানের বা প্রকারের বুঝালে the বসে।
যেমন – The Diamond of Africa is famous.

Proper noun এর পূর্বে adjective থাকলে তার পূর্বে the বসে।
যেমন – The great Akbar was a mighty ruler.

বংশ বা পরিবারের পরিচয়জ্ঞাপক নাম plural হলে তার পূর্বে the বসে।
যেমন – The khans, The Pathans.

সংখ্যা প্রকাশক word যদি unit অর্থে বসে তাহলে তার পূর্বে the বসে।
যেমন – Eggs are sold by the dozens.

Musical instrument এর পূর্বে the বসে।
যেমন – I can’t play the Guitar. The cowboy can play the flute well.

কোন কোন যন্ত্র এবং আবিস্কারের পূর্বে the বসে।
যেমন – Markoni invented the radio. The bicycles is an easy means of transport.

Singular designation এর পূর্বে the বসে।
যেমন – The president, The Prime Minister, The headmaster.

Omission of definite article:

বিখ্যাত গ্রন্থের লেখকের নাম গ্রন্থের পূর্বে থাকলে the বসে না। কিন্তু লেখকের নাম পূর্বে না থাকলে the বসে।
যেমন – The Gitanjoli of Robindranath.

রাস্তা, এভিনু, স্কয়ার, পার্কের নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।
যেমন – He is going to park.

ভাষার নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।
যেমন – Bangla is our mother lsnguge. English is an international language.

কিন্তু ভাষার নামের পরে language শব্দ টা উল্লেখ থাকলে the বসে।
যেমন – The English language is international.

হ্রদের নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।
যেমন – Lake Superior, Lake Baikal, Lake Caspian.

দিন বা মাসের নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।
যেমন – Friday is holyday.

রোগের নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।
যেমন – Fever has broken out in the home.

Allah or God এর নামের পূর্বে the বসে না।
যেমন – Allah has created us.

শরীরের অঙ্গ-প্রতঙ্গ এবং পোশাক- পরিচ্ছেদ ইত্যাদির পূর্বে the বসে না।
যেমন – Raise your right hand. Put off your shirt.

ভ্রমন সম্পর্কিত যানবাহন বা ভ্রমন পথের পূর্বে the বসে না।
যেমন – by bus, by train, by launch.

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ENGLISH GRAMMAR